Yes, other patterns are used for other symbols and short-forms for letter combinations. This is often called "Grade II Braille." This also includes the use of single letters alone meaning whole words.
comma period ? ! apostrophe
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* . * * * . * * . .
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hyphen dash open-quote close-quote
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. . . . . . * . . *
* * * * * * * * * *
( ) brackets
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* * * * . . * * * * . .
* * * * . * * * * * * .
single quotes
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. . * . * . . .
. * * * * * * .
and for of the with
* * * * * . . * . *
* . * * * * * . * *
* * * * * * * * * *
ch sh th wh ou st ar er ed
* . * * * * * . * . . * . * * * * *
. . . . . * . * * * . . . * * * * .
. * . * . * . * . * * . * . . * . *
gh ow bb cc dd ff gg ea
* . . * . . . . . . . . . . . .
* . * . * . * * * * * * * * * .
. * . * * . . . . * * . * * . .
con- dis- com- -ble -ing in en be(-)
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* * * * . . . * . . . * * . * .
. . . * * * * * * * * . . * * .
to into by his was were
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* * . * * * . * * . . * * *
* . * . * . * * * * * * * *
letter-sign italic asterisk ellipsis
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. * . . . * . * . . . . . .
. * . * * . * . * . * . * .
decimal point % $ section sign
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. * . . * . . * * . * .
There are also extensive short-form words... like abbreviations, leaving some letters out of common words and such. Also, many common suffixes are handled by having special symbols followed by a letter at the end of a word. Every single letter is also a word, when it stands alone, as are the "diphthong" symbols. The various apparent ambiguities in the table above aren't really so, due to restrictions on when things can be used. So diphthong symbols that look like punctuation can only be used in the middle of words, since punctionation only comes at the edges of words. There are other exceptions and details I've glossed over.
I understand there's also such a thing as Grade III Braille, which refers to more special-purpose symbols, such as used for computer programming and representing ASCII and such. I've seen computer braille-readers with four rows and not three; I don't know anything about that.