Morera's
theorem is roughly a
converse of
Cauchy's theorem.
Theorem:
Suppose that f : D → C is continuous in the domain D, and that
∫T f(z)dz = 0
for any triangle T contained in D. Then f is analytic in D.
Proof:
For any z ∈ D we can find r > 0 such that the disc E = {w ∈ C : |w - z| < r} is contained in D. Define F : E → C by
F(w) = ∫[z, w] f(z)dz
where [a, b] denotes the directed line segment joining a, b ∈ C. For h with |h| < r - |w| the line segments [z, w], [w, w+h], [w+h, z] form a triangle contained in D. Thus
h-1(F(w+h) - F(w)) = h-1∫[w, w+h] f(z)dz → f(w)
as h → 0 by continuity of f. Thus dF/dz = f in E, so F is analytic in E. The derivative of an analytic function is analytic, so it follows that f too is analytic in E.
Hence f is differentiable at all z ∈ D, so f is analytic in D.
Corollary:
If fn : D → C is a sequence of analytic function converging uniformly to f on D then f is analytic, and fn' converges to f' on D.
Proof:
For any triangle T in D
∫T fn(z)dz = 0
by Cauchy's theorem. So for any n
|∫T f(z)dz| =
|∫T (f(z) - fn(z)) dz| ≤
L(T)*sup{|f(z) - fn(z)| : z ∈ D}
where L(T) denotes the length of the circumference of T. RHS → 0 as n → ∞, so LHS must be 0 since it is independent of n. It follows from Morera's theorem that f is analytic.
For any z ∈ D there is some r > 0 such that there is a circle C of radius r centred at z contained in D. By the Cauchy integral formula
|f'(z) - fn'(z)| =
|∫C (f(w) - fn(w))/(w-z)2 dw|/2π ≤
sup{|f(z) - fn(z)| : z ∈ D}/r → 0 as n → ∞