parallax scroll

Parallax scrolling is an extremely nifty effect seen mostly in 2D games. It gives a three-dimensional feel at little performance expense; this made it used in nearly all 2D games. Parallax scrolling works on the idea of perspective - objects far away will not move as fast as objects nearby. The scene is divided up into different layers-a bitmapped foreground, background, etc. The closer the camera is to a layer, the faster that layer will scroll, while distant objects like the background will move slowly. Thus, this technique creates the illusion of depth commonly seen in 2D games.

Sonic the Hedgehog 3 deserves special mention for showing what exactly is possible with parallax scrolling. In Icecap Zone, lots of middle grounds are used, with little windows in the background giving the player a small view of the outside world. Hydrocity Zone took it to the extreme; the player's perspective of the water surface would actually change if the player was above or below water. All in all, it's an important part of 2D programming.

The layer way

If your display system supports multiple background layers, you can scroll them by simply changing each layer's horizontal offset by a different amount. However, you don't want to place too much in front of the layer containing the objects with which the player interacts; otherwise, you'll obscure the action, which is annoying, and annoying games don't sell.

Most of the time, in a side-scrolling platform game, you apply parallax only to the x dimension. This gives the illusion that the camera is panning up and down while dollying sideways. In an overhead-view game, apply parallax equally to both dimensions.

pseudocode

external function set_scroll(size_t layer_idx, int x_off, int y_off);

for layer from 0 to 2:
  set_scroll(layer, camera_x * 256 / layer_depth[layer], camera_y);

The raster way

To parallax-scroll within one layer (necessary on classic 8-bit systems such as Nintendo Entertainment System and the original Game Boy), divide the layer into sub-layers and change the layer's horizontal scroll value just before the display system begins to draw each scanline. This shifts the entire scanline and thus lets you scroll parts of a layer at different rates. For example, scroll the scanlines at the top of the screen (clouds) slowly, the middle of the screen (playfield) at normal speed, and keep the bottom of the screen (status bar) fixed.

In general, poking at the hardware before each scanline is called a raster effect. It's also useful for changing the system palette to provide a gradient background. Some platforms (Super NES, Sega Genesis, Game Boy Advance) provide horizontal-blank raster interrupts or DMA mechanisms for automatically setting the registers at the right times; others, such as the NES and Game Boy, require the use of cycle-timed code, where the main loop takes exactly as long as a display cycle. Many NES games such as the classic Super Mario Brothers use this technique to draw their status bars, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game and Vice: Project Doom for NES use it to scroll background layers at different rates.

More advanced raster techniques can produce interesting effects. You can achieve breathtaking depth of field if you combine layers with rasters; Sonic the Hedgehog 2, ActRaiser, and Street Fighter II used this effect well. If you make each scanline its own sub-layer, you get the Pole Position effect, which creates a pseudo-3D road (or in NBA Jam's case, a pseudo-3D ball court) on a 2D system. If your display system supports rotation and scaling in addition to scrolling, changing the rotation and scaling factors can draw a projection of a plane (F-Zero, Super Mario Kart) or can warp the image to create an extra challenge factor (Tetanus On Drugs). Source code for this "Mode 7" technique is available at www.pineight.com and www.gbadev.org.

The sprite way

If you have a lot of sprites (individually controllable moving objects drawn by hardware on top of or behind the layers) available on your display system, you may want to make a pseudo-layer out of sprites. Star Force, an overhead-view vertically-scrolling shooter for for NES, used this for its starfield, and Final Fight for Super NES used this technique for the layer immediately in front of the main playfield. But watch out for sprite flicker; you'll want to heed these tips for preventing sprite flicker on old consoles.

To implement this, treat each sprite as a layer, as described above. If you have several sprites at the same depth, you may be able to arrange your data structures in such a way as to minimize the time spent in slow divisions.

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